Background: 3D scanners are used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) shapes of body parts, offering an alternative to conventional techniques such as casting and a variety of potential advantages. However, 3D scanners are usually very expensive and not affordable and accessible for most orthotists and prosthetists, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the Validity and reliability of a low-cost handheld and affordable 3D scanner (3Dsystems, ‘ sense’ ) for use in Orthotics and prosthetics. Methods: The Validity and reliability of the 3D Sense scanner were assessed through repeated scanning and measurement of the predefined circumferences of the stumps of four transtibial amputees and 8 body cast models. Two assessors performed digital scanning and tape measurement on two different days, each consisting of three trials per condition/day. The reliability of the 3D sense scanner was assessed by investigating between trials, the assessors, and day reliability using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was also calculated to assess measurement error. The Validity of the 3D sense scanner was assessed using correlation analysis, mean percentage error (the mean differences between scanner and tape measure), and Bland-Altman statistics. Results: The 3D Sense scanner provides stumps and body cast model measurements with similar reliability to the tape measure. reliability coefficients for the 3D scanner are relatively high (ICC). The ICCs all are near 1. 0 and SEMs all range from 0. 06 to 0. 10. The 3D Sense scanner demonstrated excellent Validity. There was a significant positive correlation between the 3D scanner and tape measure for both stumps and body cast models measurements (r>0. 850; P<0. 0001). The measurement error between the 3D scanner and tape measure is very low as indicated by mean differences close to zero. Conclusions: This study introduces a low-cost handheld and affordable 3D scanner, which has proven to be a valid and reliable clinical tool in Orthotics and prosthetics. This 3D scanner would have extensive and powerful clinical applicability resulting in valid and reliable digital information of body segments for computer-aided design (CAD) of Orthotics and prosthetics.

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is one of the most widely used personality questionnaires, but very few studies have been conducted on its psychometric properties in Iranian population. This study was carried out with the aim of studying the psychometric properties of the BFI questionnaire. For this purpose, 390 university students in Tehran (210 girls and 180 boys) with an age range of 18 to 56 years (M = 27.52; SD = 8.79) were selected using the convenience sampling method and completed BFI and NEO-FFI questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha, multitrait-multimethod matrix, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that 15 of the 44 items did not have a strong factor loading (higher than 0.40) on the corresponding factors and were therefore removed from the questionnaire. The fit indices showed that the Persian version of 29 questions (BFI-29) with 5 factors has a good fit with the data. The reliability analysis also showed that the range of Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the factors is from 0.70 to 0.79. The lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to agreeableness factor and the highest was related to conscientiousness. The findings from the multitrait-multimethod matrix showed that the BFI-29 questionnaire has good convergent and divergent Validity with the NEO-FFI questionnaire. In general, based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the BFI-29 questionnaire has desirable psychometric properties and whenever a short tool for personality measurement is needed, this questionnaire can be used.

Background and Aim: In multi-unit fixed Prostheses, the connector areas are places where stress and failure accumulate due to thinness and need strengthening. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of changing the surface area of connectors of zirconia three-unit fixed Prostheses on their bending strength. Materials and Methods:  In this experimental -laboratory study thirty, first molar and first premolar teeth of the lower jaw were prepared as base teeth for the FPD prosthesis on the plastic model of the jaw. Zirconia FPD samples were made for them in two groups with silhouette and elliptical connector shapes, each group having three subgroups with connector areas of 8 mm2, 10 mm2, and 12 mm2, with CAD/CAM system. Finally, 5 samples were considered in these 6 groups. Then, the samples were cemented, and their bending strength was measured with the universal testing machine and a three-point bending test. Two-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used in SPSS version 22 software for statistical analysis. Result: Considering the significance level of P value (P< 0. 05), there is no significant difference in bending strength between silhouette and elliptical shapes (P value = 0. 339). The bending strength in the area of 12 mm square is significantly higher than the area of 8 and 10 mm square (P value = 0. 001). Conclusion: In fixed three-unit zirconia Prostheses, changing the area has significant effect on the bending strength, but the shape has no effect.

Background & Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design and build a device to measure and record the function of visual error and its adaptation time as well as to obtain the reliability of this tool. Methodology: By carrying out numerous investigations and according to articles and research, the prototype of the device was built by performing repeated tests. Due to the lack of a similar device in the country, the electrical circuit, the program, and the appearance of the device were changed several times during the manufacturing and measurement stages. Finally, based on the parts inside, the original sample was produced. The device includes a hardware section for performing various movement patterns by the subject and a software section for collecting and analyzing the obtained information. Findings: To obtain the reliability of the device and to ensure its stability in repeated measurements, 50 students (35 males and 15 females) from Ferdowsi University were selected as available samples and tested in two stages with a 20-minutes interval. Conclusion & Discussion: The results were calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha by SPSS20. The Validity of the device is equal to 0.88 and its reliabilities in recording visual error and  the time of movement are 0/86 and 0/70, respectively.  

Background and Objectie: Satisfaction with Orthotic devices and services results in greater Orthotic usage. Evaluation of users’ satisfaction could enhance the quality of Orthotic devices and services. This study aimed to evaluate the users’ satisfaction with lower limb Orthotic devices and technical orthopedic services in Ahvaz. Subjects and Methods: Ninety seven users of lower limb Orthotic devices participated in this cross sectional study. Users’ satisfaction was evaluated with the Orthotic and Prosthetic Users’ Survey (OPUS). The mean rank of OPUS, was analyzed with demographic data by SPSS version 22. Results: For device satisfaction, the highest satisfaction score was for “ my orthosis fits well “ (4. 37) and the lowest score was for “ cost of purchase and maintenance of orthosis” (2. 75). For service satisfaction, the highest score was for “ orthotist was responsive to my concerns and questions” (4. 56), and the lowest score was for “ coordination between Orthotic staff and the users’ therapists and doctors” (2. 75). The mean rank of service satisfaction was significantly higher than device satisfaction) P<0. 05(The mean rank of device satisfaction was significantly different among four types of lower limb Orthotic users) P<0. 05. Conclusion: Technical orthopedic managers should perform actions to facilitate insurance coverage. They should emphasize on enhancement of Orthotic quality and durability, teamwork, and client centered approach to ensure the users’ satisfaction especially the long leg brace users.